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The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted c, is a universal physical constant that is exactly equal to 299,792,458 metres per second (approximately 300,000 kilometres per second; 186,000 miles per second; 671 million miles per hour).
In 1845, Arago suggested to Fizeau and Foucault that they attempt to measure the speed of light. Sometime in 1849, however, it appears that the two had a falling out, and they parted ways. [5]: 124 [3] In 1848−49, Fizeau used, not a rotating mirror, but a toothed wheel apparatus to perform an absolute measurement of the speed of light in air.
At 3 times the speed it was again eclipsed. [3] [4] Given the rotational speed of the wheel and the distance between the wheel and the mirror, Fizeau was able to calculate a value of 2 × 8633m × 720 × 25.2/s = 313,274,304 m/s for the speed of light. Fizeau's value for the speed of light was 4.5% too high. [5] The correct value is 299,792,458 ...
is the speed of light (i.e. phase velocity) in a medium with permeability μ, and permittivity ε, and ∇ 2 is the Laplace operator. In a vacuum, v ph = c 0 = 299 792 458 m/s, a fundamental physical constant. [1] The electromagnetic wave equation derives from Maxwell's equations.
Speed of International Space Station and typical speed of other satellites such as the Space Shuttle in low Earth orbit. 7,777: 28,000: 17,400: 2.594 × 10 −5: Speed of propagation of the explosion in a detonating cord. 10 4: 10,600 38,160 23,713.65 0.00004 Speed of propagation of the explosion of Octanitrocubane (ONC). 11,107: 39,985.2: ...
Formally, c is a conversion factor for changing the unit of time to the unit of space. [4] This makes it the only speed which does not depend either on the motion of an observer or a source of light and / or gravity. Thus, the speed of "light" is also the speed of gravitational waves, and further the speed of any massless particle.
The refractive index, , can be seen as the factor by which the speed and the wavelength of the radiation are reduced with respect to their vacuum values: the speed of light in a medium is v = c/n, and similarly the wavelength in that medium is λ = λ 0 /n, where λ 0 is the wavelength of that light in vacuum.
The speed of light is 1.8026 × 10 12 furlongs per fortnight (1.8026 terafurlongs per fortnight). By mass–energy equivalence , 1 firkin is equal to 3.249 366 76 × 10 24 firkin· furlong 2 / fortnight 2 (≈ 3.478 × 10 15 BTU , or 3.669 × 10 18 joules ).