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Glioblastoma, previously known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is the most aggressive and most common type of cancer that originates in the brain, and has a very poor prognosis for survival. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Initial signs and symptoms of glioblastoma are nonspecific. [ 1 ]
Gliosarcoma is a malignant cancer, and is defined as a glioblastoma consisting of gliomatous and sarcomatous components. [3] Primary gliosarcoma (PGS) is classified as a grade IV tumor and a subtype of glioblastoma multiforme in the 2007 World Health Organization classification system (GBM). [ 4 ]
The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) is a project to catalogue the genomic alterations responsible for cancer using genome sequencing and bioinformatics. [1] [2] The overarching goal was to apply high-throughput genome analysis techniques to improve the ability to diagnose, treat, and prevent cancer through a better understanding of the genetic basis of the disease.
Analysis of DNA profile and mtDNA position suggest that the Uppsala U-87 MG line is authentic to the original tumor tissue while the ATCC U-87 MG line is not; The ATCC line is likely a bona fide human glioblastoma cell line of unknown origin. [3] The entire sequence of the genome of U-87 MG has been published in PLoS Genetics. [1]
The giant-cell glioblastoma is a histological variant of glioblastoma, presenting a prevalence of bizarre, multinucleated (more than 20 nuclei) giant (up to 400 μm diameter) cells. It occasionally shows an abundant stromal reticulin network and presents a high frequency of TP53 gene mutations .
The concept of grading of the tumors of the central nervous system, agreeing for such the regulation of the "progressiveness" of these neoplasias (from benign and localized tumors to malignant and infiltrating tumors), dates back to 1926 and was introduced by P. Bailey and H. Cushing, [1] in the elaboration of what turned out the first systematic classification of gliomas.
A glioma is a type of primary tumor that starts in the glial cells of the brain or spinal cord.They are cancerous but some are extremely slow to develop. [2] [3] Gliomas comprise about 30 percent of all brain tumors and central nervous system tumours, and 80 percent of all malignant brain tumours.
Gliomatosis cerebri is most often caused by glioblastoma, but can also arise from astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma or other types of diffuse glioma. [2] Other pathologies such as vasculitis , encephalitis or leukoencephalopathy may also cause similar radiological findings.