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The first minority rights were proclaimed and enacted by the revolutionary Parliament of Hungary in July 1849. [4] Minority rights were codified in Austrian law in 1867. [5] Russia was especially active in protecting Orthodox Christians and Slavic peoples under the control of the Ottoman Empire. [6]
Under supermajority rules, a minority needs its own supermajority to overturn a decision. [5] To support the view that majority rule protects minority rights better than supermajority rules, McGann pointed to the cloture rule in the US Senate, which was used to prevent the extension of civil liberties to racial minorities. [5]
Non Hindu minorities in India have been seen as examples of minoritarianism as the Indian constitution enshrines special rights for religious minorities including cultural and economic rights under Article 30 and 31A that are denied to the Hindu majority. The minority also enjoys exemption from laws of the land like the Right to Education act.
Majority rule or parliamentary sovereignty vs. bill of rights or arbitrary rules with separation of powers and supermajority rules to prevent tyranny of the majority and protect minority rights; Rule according to higher law (unwritten ethical principles) vs. written constitutionalism; Separation of church and state or free church vs. state religion
A codified constitution is a constitution that is contained in a single document, which is the single source of constitutional law in a state. An uncodified constitution is one that is not contained in a single document, but consists of several different sources, which may be written or unwritten.
Parliamentary procedure is the body of rules, ethics, and customs governing meetings and other operations of clubs, organizations, legislative bodies, and other deliberative assemblies. General principles of parliamentary procedure include rule of the majority with respect for the minority.
Western countries used a regular U.N.-backed review of China's human rights record on Tuesday to press Beijing to do more to allow freedom of expression, protect the rights of ethnic minorities ...
Majoritarianism is often referred to as majority rule, which may refer to a majority class ruling over a minority class, while not referring to the decision process called majority rule. Majority rule is a belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants. However, due to active dis-empowerment of the ...