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The two capacitor paradox or capacitor paradox is a paradox, or counterintuitive thought experiment, in electric circuit theory. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The thought experiment is usually described as follows: Circuit of the paradox, showing initial voltages before the switch is closed
Because an electrochemical capacitor is composed out of two electrodes, electric charge in the Helmholtz layer at one electrode is mirrored (with opposite polarity) in the second Helmholtz layer at the second electrode. Therefore, the total capacitance value of a double-layer capacitor is the result of two capacitors connected in series.
Leakage is equivalent to a resistor in parallel with the capacitor. Constant exposure to factors such as heat, mechanical stress, or humidity can cause the dielectric to deteriorate resulting in excessive leakage, a problem often seen in older vacuum tube circuits, particularly where oiled paper and foil capacitors were used.
The capacitance of a capacitor is one farad when one coulomb of charge changes the potential between the plates by one volt. [1] [2] Equally, one farad can be described as the capacitance which stores a one-coulomb charge across a potential difference of one volt. [3] The relationship between capacitance, charge, and potential difference is linear.
Combining the equation for capacitance with the above equation for the energy stored in a capacitor, for a flat-plate capacitor the energy stored is: = =. where is the energy, in joules; is the capacitance, in farads; and is the voltage, in volts.
Differential capacitance in physics, electronics, and electrochemistry is a measure of the voltage-dependent capacitance of a nonlinear capacitor, such as an electrical double layer or a semiconductor diode. It is defined as the derivative of charge with respect to potential. [1] [2]
At low frequencies parasitic capacitance can usually be ignored, but in high frequency circuits it can be a major problem. In amplifier circuits with extended frequency response, parasitic capacitance between the output and the input can act as a feedback path, causing the circuit to oscillate at high frequency.
In physics, charge conservation is the principle, of experimental nature, that the total electric charge in an isolated system never changes. [1] The net quantity of electric charge, the amount of positive charge minus the amount of negative charge in the universe, is always conserved.