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With the strength of the historic tradition diminishing, Russian spelling in the 18th century became rather inconsistent, both in practice and in theory, as Mikhail Lomonosov advocated a morphophonemic orthography and Vasily Trediakovsky a phonemic one.
Russian orthography was simplified by unifying several adjectival and pronominal inflections, conflating the letter ѣ with е, ѳ with ф, and і and ѵ with и. Additionally, the archaic mute yer became obsolete, including the ъ (the " hard sign ") in final position following consonants (thus eliminating practically the last graphical ...
This edition used the Cyrillic alphabet, which included most of the letters of the then Russian alphabet (except for ф, х, щ, ѳ, ѵ), as well as additional characters G g, е̂, и̂, і̂, ї, о̂, э̂. [7] At the end of the 18th century, a number of Udmurt dictionaries and grammars were also compiled.
Modern Russian literature is considered to have begun in the 17th century, with the autobiography of Avvakum and a corpus of chronique scandaleuse short stories from Moscow. [ citation needed ] Church Slavonic remained the literary language until the Petrine age (1682–1725), when its usage shrank drastically to biblical and liturgical texts.
Known records of the Russian language by foreign travelers include a French dictionary-phrasebook of the 16th century in the Latin alphabet and a dictionary-diary of Richard James, mostly in Latin graphics (influenced by the orthography of various Western European languages), but interspersed with letters of the Greek and Russian alphabets. In ...
[13] [14] [15] Old Russian is also used to describe the written language in Russia until the 18th century, [16] when it became Modern Russian, though the early stages of the language is often called Old East Slavic instead; [17] the period after the common language of the East Slavs is sometimes distinguished as Middle Russian, [18] or Great ...
A ukase written in the 17th-century Russian chancery cursive. The Russian (and Cyrillic in general) cursive was developed during the 18th century on the base of the earlier Cyrillic tachygraphic writing (ско́ропись, skoropis, "rapid or running script"), which in turn was the 14th–17th-century chancery hand of the earlier Cyrillic bookhand scripts (called ustav and poluustav).
An apparent exception is the Russian word for "serious", which is spelled серьёзный rather than сериозный. However, this is due to the fact that this word stems from French sérieux with an /ø/ sound. (In the 19th and the early 20th century, both spellings were in use. [10]