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Hantaan virus was the first hantavirus to be discovered, and the group is named after the virus. The vast majority of HFRS cases occur in China, where Hantaan virus is responsible for up to 70% of cases. Cases of HFRS caused by Hantaan virus also occur in South Korea, Russia, and Vietnam.
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), also called hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), is a severe respiratory disease caused by hantaviruses. The main features of illness are microvascular leakage and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Symptoms occur anywhere from 1 to 8 weeks after exposure to the virus and come in three distinct phases.
Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a hemorrhagic fever caused by hantaviruses. Symptoms occur usually occur 12–16 days after exposure to the virus and come in five distinct phases: febrile, hypotensive, low urine production (oliguric), high urine production (diuretic), and recovery.
Differential diagnosis often requires detailed patient history, including recent exposure to rodent habitats, which the patient may not be aware of. Point-of-care and other quick molecular diagnostic tests for hantavirus are under development, which could improve rapid diagnosis in rural areas, typically where most hantavirus cases are found.
This outbreak was determined to be caused by a hantavirus, now named Sin Nombre virus, and represented the first confirmed instance of hantaviruses in the Americas as well as the discovery of a new type of disease caused by hantaviruses. The new disease was named "hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)".
The prior genus of Hantavirus was renamed Orthohantavirus to distinguish them from members of the family, and the genus's members are often called orthohantaviruses. In 2019, additional genera, subfamilies, and families were created to classify non-rodent hantaviruses, [ 32 ] and in 2023 binomial nomenclature was adopted for hantaviruses.
The loss of fluid is so severe that the density of blood cells in blood increases due to the loss of liquid (hemoconcentration). Hemoconcentration was observed in several cases and combined with the CDC's findings, a hantavirus was suspected of causing the outbreak. [8] Suspecting a hantavirus required a substantial leap of thought at the time.
Therefore, the presence of IgM in the blood of the host is used to test for acute infection, whereas IgG indicates an infection sometime in the past. [8] Both types of antibodies are measured when tests for immunity are carried out. [9] Antibody testing has become widely available.