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  2. Unity of opposites - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_of_opposites

    The unity of opposites is the philosophical idea that opposites are interconnected due to the way each is defined in relation to the other. Their interdependence unites the seemingly opposed terms. Their interdependence unites the seemingly opposed terms.

  3. Heraclitus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclitus

    The hallmarks of Heraclitus's philosophy are the unity of opposites and change, or flux. [44] [45] According to Aristotle, Heraclitus was a dialetheist, or one who denies the law of noncontradiction (a law of thought or logical principle which states that something cannot be true and false at the same time).

  4. On Contradiction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Contradiction

    The absoluteness of contradiction has a twofold meaning. [9] One is that contradiction exists in the process of development of all things, and the other is that in the process of development of each thing a movement of opposites exists from beginning to end. Contradiction is the basis of life and drives it forward.

  5. Dialectical materialism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectical_materialism

    In his essay "On the Question of Dialectics", Lenin stated, "Development is the 'struggle' of opposites." He stated, "The unity (coincidence, identity, equal action) of opposites is conditional, temporary, transitory, relative. The struggle of mutually exclusive opposites is absolute, just as development and motion are absolute." [41]

  6. Albedo (alchemy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo_(alchemy)

    It is a Latinicized term meaning "whiteness". Following the chaos or massa confusa of the nigredo stage, the alchemist undertakes a purification in albedo, which is literally referred to as ablutio – the washing away of impurities. This phase is concerned with "bringing light and clarity to the prima materia (the First Matter)". [2]

  7. Sufi metaphysics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics

    In Islamic philosophy, Sufi metaphysics is centered on the concept of وحدة, waḥdah, 'unity' or توحيد, tawhid. Two main Sufi philosophies prevail on this topic. Waḥdat al-wujūd literally means "the Unity of Existence" or "the Unity of Being." [1] Wujūd, meaning "existence" or "presence", here refers to God.

  8. Monism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monism

    The restricted definition: this requires not only unity of origin but also unity of substance and essence. [1] Although the term monism is derived from Western philosophy to typify positions in the mind–body problem, it has also been used to typify religious traditions.

  9. Nondualism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondualism

    Nondualism includes a number of philosophical and spiritual traditions that emphasize the absence of fundamental duality or separation in existence. [1] This viewpoint questions the boundaries conventionally imposed between self and other, mind and body, observer and observed, [2] and other dichotomies that shape our perception of reality.