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International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories [1] because there is a need or want of goods or services. [2] See: World economy .) In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP).
International trade theory is a sub-field of economics which analyzes the patterns of international trade, its origins, and its welfare implications. International trade policy has been highly controversial since the 18th century. International trade theory and economics itself have developed as means to evaluate the effects of trade policies.
International trade studies goods and services flows across international boundaries from supply-and-demand factors, economic integration, international factor movements, and policy variables such as tariff rates and trade quotas.
While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance have increased in recent centuries, mainly because of Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing. [citation needed]
International trade law is based on theories of economic liberalism developed in Europe and later the United States from the 18th century onwards. [9] International Trade Law is an aggregate of legal rules of "international legislation" and new lex mercatoria, regulating relations in international trade.
Basic trade statistics often differ in terms of definition and coverage from the requirements in the national accounts: Data on international trade in goods are mostly obtained through declarations to custom services. If a country applies the general trade system, all goods entering the country are recorded as imports.
The authority of Congress to regulate international trade is set out in the United States Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Paragraph 1): . The Congress shall have power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and to promote the general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform ...
Balance of trade is the difference between the monetary value of a nation's exports and imports of goods over a certain time period. [1] Sometimes services are also considered but the official IMF definition only considers goods. The balance of trade measures a flow variable of exports and imports over a given period of time. The notion of the ...