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The most common form of sterilization in dogs and cats is surgical, spaying in females and castration in males. Non-surgical fertility control can either result in sterilization or temporary contraception and could offer a cheaper way to keep wild dog and cat populations under control. As of 2019, only contraceptives are commercially available.
Sperm cells can live inside a female's body for up to five days, and once ovulation occurs, the egg remains viable for 12–48 hours before it begins to disintegrate. [4] Superfecundation most commonly happens within hours or days of the first instance of fertilization with ova released during the same cycle.
This means as soon as a queen mates, she can get pregnant, though it often takes a few mating sessions for this to happen. However, when in heat, queens can mate several times in a very short window.
Superfetation (also spelled superfoetation – see fetus) is the simultaneous occurrence of more than one stage of developing offspring in the same animal. [1] [2] [3]In mammals, it manifests as the formation of an embryo from a subsequent menstrual cycle, while another embryo or fetus is already present in the uterus.
Without ovulation, she may enter interestrus, which is the combined stages of diestrus and anestrus, before reentering estrus. With the induction of ovulation, the female becomes pregnant or undergoes a non-pregnant luteal phase, also known as pseudopregnancy. Cats are polyestrous but experience a seasonal anestrus in autumn and late winter. [19]
Pseudopregnancy is a normal physiologic process that occurs in female dogs. It is seen 45–60 days after a normal estrous (heat) period. After ovulation, progesterone levels rise. Pseudopregnancy happens when the progesterone levels begin to fall as decreasing progesterone leads to an increase of the hormone prolactin. Prolactin is responsible ...
Insemination is the introduction of sperm (in semen) into a female or hermaphrodite's reproductive system in order to fertilize the ovum through sexual reproduction. [1] [2] The sperm enters into the uterus of a mammal or the oviduct of an oviparous (egg-laying) animal.
Embryo transfer is the step in the process whereby one or several embryos are placed into the uterus of the female with the intent to establish a pregnancy. Less commonly used techniques in in vitro fertilization are: Assisted zona hatching (AZH) is performed shortly before the embryo is transferred to the uterus. A small opening is made in the ...