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In statistics and econometrics, cross-sectional data is a type of data collected by observing many subjects (such as individuals, firms, countries, or regions) at a single point or period of time. Analysis of cross-sectional data usually consists of comparing the differences among selected subjects, typically with no regard to differences in time.
The rescaled range is a statistical measure of the variability of a time series introduced by the British hydrologist Harold Edwin Hurst (1880–1978). [1] Its purpose is to provide an assessment of how the apparent variability of a series changes with the length of the time-period being considered.
Panel data is a subset of longitudinal data where observations are for the same subjects each time. Time series and cross-sectional data can be thought of as special cases of panel data that are in one dimension only (one panel member or individual for the former, one time point for the latter). A literature search often involves time series ...
In time series analysis, a fan chart is a chart that joins a simple line chart for observed past data, by showing ranges for possible values of future data together with a line showing a central estimate or most likely value for the future outcomes. As predictions become increasingly uncertain the further into the future one goes, these ...
Based on a selected periodicity, it is an alternative plot that emphasizes the seasonal patterns are where the data for each season are collected together in separate mini time plots. Seasonal subseries plots enables the underlying seasonal pattern to be seen clearly, and also shows the changes in seasonality over time. [ 2 ]
For example, when working with time series and other types of sequential data, it is common to difference the data to improve stationarity. If data generated by a random vector X are observed as vectors X i of observations with covariance matrix Σ, a linear transformation can be used to decorrelate the data.
Uttarakhand has a total area of 53,483 km 2 (20,650 sq mi), equal to 1.6% of the total area of India. Dehradun serves as the state capital, with Nainital being the judicial capital. The state is divided into two divisions, Garhwal and Kumaon, with a total of 13 districts. The forest cover in the state is 45.4% of the state's geographical area.
Fractional difference of 2 is the 2nd derivative or 2nd difference. note: applying fractional differencing changes the units of the problem. If we started with Prices then take fractional differences, we no longer are in Price units. determining the order of differencing to make a time series stationary may be an iterative, exploratory process.