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  2. Four-square cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-square_cipher

    The four-square cipher uses four 5 by 5 (5x5) matrices arranged in a square. Each of the 5 by 5 matrices contains the letters of the alphabet (usually omitting "Q" or putting both "I" and "J" in the same location to reduce the alphabet to fit).

  3. Polybius square - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybius_square

    Each letter is then represented by its coordinates in the grid. For example, "BAT" becomes "12 11 44". The 26 letters of the Latin/English alphabet do not fit in a 5 × 5 square, two letters must be combined (usually I and J as above, though C and K is an alternative).

  4. Four-letter word - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-letter_word

    The Cardigans in their song "For What It's Worth", use the "four-letter word" expression several times. That Four-Letter Word is a 2006 independent film from India. Welsh punk band Four Letter Word, formed in 1991, named themselves after the phrase. A Four Letter Word is also the title of a 2007 gay-themed movie starring Jesse Archer and ...

  5. List of logarithmic identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_logarithmic_identities

    ln(r) is the standard natural logarithm of the real number r. Arg(z) is the principal value of the arg function; its value is restricted to (−π, π]. It can be computed using Arg(x + iy) = atan2(y, x). Log(z) is the principal value of the complex logarithm function and has imaginary part in the range (−π, π].

  6. Combinatorics on words - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorics_on_words

    Square-free words do not have adjacent repeated factors. [1] To clarify, "dining" is not square-free since "in" is repeated consecutively, while "servers" is square-free, its two "er" factors not being adjacent. Thue proves his conjecture on the existence of infinite square-free words by using substitutions. A substitution is a way to take a ...

  7. List of English words that may be spelled with a ligature

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_words_that...

    In instances of aer (starting or within a word) when it makes the sound IPA [ɛə]/[eə] (air). Comes from the Latin āër, Greek ἀήρ. When ae makes the diphthong / eɪ / (lay) or / aɪ / (eye). When ae is found in a foreign phrase or loan word and it is

  8. Word square - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_square

    In addition to satisfying the basic properties of word squares, it is palindromic; it can be read as a 25-letter palindromic sentence (of an obscure meaning) and it is speculated that it includes several additional hidden words such as reference to the Christian Paternoster prayer, and hidden symbols such as the cross formed by the horizontal and vertical palindromic word "Tenet".

  9. List of mathematical constants - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_constants

    A mathematical constant is a key number whose value is fixed by an unambiguous definition, often referred to by a symbol (e.g., an alphabet letter), or by mathematicians' names to facilitate using it across multiple mathematical problems. [1]