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Also known as bunker fuel, or residual fuel oil, ... HFO is characterized by a maximum density of 1010 kg/m 3 at 15°C, and a maximum viscosity of 700 mm 2 /s ...
Both CII and CCAI are calculated from the density and kinematic viscosity of the fuel. CII was developed by BP to calculate the autoignition capacity of heavy fuel oils (HFO). It is calculated using the measured kinematic viscosity V (cSt or mm 2 /s) of a given fuel determined at temperature t (°C) and the density ρ 15 at 15°C (kg/m 3). [1]
For diesel engines it depends on the type of fuel, for distillate fuels the cetane numbers are used. Cetane numbers are tested using a special test engine and the existing engine was not made for residual fuels. For residual fuel oil two other empirical indexes are used: CCAI and Calculated Ignition Index (CII).
The ocean shipping industry has long served as a veritable ‘garbage dump' for the global refining industry. The dregs of the refining process, the residual high-sulfur fuel oil (HSFO) left at ...
Number 5 fuel oil is a residual-type industrial heating oil requiring preheating to 77–104 °C (171–219 °F) for proper atomization at the burners. [8] It may be obtained from the heavy gas oil cut, [7] or it may be a blend of residual oil with enough number 2 oil to adjust viscosity until it can be pumped without preheating. [8]
Nearly 38% of residual fuel oils are consumed in the shipping sector. In the process of converting excess residual oils into lighter oils by coking processes, pet coke is generated as a byproduct. Pet coke availability is expected to increase in the future due to falling demand for residual oil.
Residual oil is oil found in low concentrations naturally or in exhausted oil fields. Often mixed with water, it cannot be recovered by conventional techniques. However, part of it can be recovered using carbon dioxide-enhanced oil recovery (CO 2 EOR) which involves injecting carbon dioxide into the well reducing viscosity and enhancing flow of the oil.
Marine diesel oil (MDO) is a type of distillate diesel oil. Marine diesel oil is also called distillate marine diesel. [1] MDO is widely used by medium speed and medium/high speed marine diesel engines. It is also used in the larger low speed and medium speed propulsion engine which normally burn residual fuel. [1]