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The Van Ophuijsen Spelling System was the Romanized standard orthography for the Indonesian language from 1901 to 1947. [1] Before the Van Ophuijsen Spelling System was in force, the Malay language (and consequently Indonesian) in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia ) did not have a standardized spelling, or was written in the Jawi script .
The common spelling variations include doubled letters, silent h following consonants, use of Dutch digraphs (which stems from Van Ophuijsen spelling) [10] and other eccentric letters. [11] However, a few may also come from other parts of speech, such as Indonesian mag 'gastritis' is actually pronounced as [max] or even [mah] , deriving from ...
This spelling replaced the earlier spelling system, the Van Ophuijsen Spelling System, which was in force from 1901.While it simplified the van Ophuijsen system somewhat (notably with the introduction of the letter u and the removal of diacritics), it retained other aspects of the old system, such as the Dutch-influenced digraphs ch, dj and tj.
The Malay alphabet has a phonemic orthography; words are spelled the way they are pronounced, with a notable defectiveness: /ə/ and /e/ are both written as E/e.The names of the letters, however, differ between Indonesia and rest of the Malay-speaking countries; while Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore follow the letter names of the English alphabet, Indonesia largely follows the letter names of ...
For the most part, the changes made in the reform are still used today. This system uses the Latin alphabet and in Malaysia is called Joint Rumi Spelling (Malay: Ejaan Rumi Bersama, ERB), and in Indonesia Perfect Spelling or Enhanced Spelling (Indonesian: Ejaan yang Disempurnakan, EYD).
The Cabang Atas (Van Ophuijsen Spelling System: Tjabang Atas)—literally 'upper branch' in Indonesian—was the traditional Chinese establishment or gentry of colonial Indonesia. [1] [2] They were the families and descendants of the Chinese officers, high-ranking colonial civil bureaucrats with the ranks of Majoor, Kapitein and Luitenant der ...
The Congress Spelling System (Malay: Ejaan Kongres) is a spelling reform of Malay Rumi Script introduced during the third Malay Congress held in Johor Bahru and Singapore in 1956. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The main characteristics of the system are the use of symbols in the Americanist phonetic notation , going by the dictum of one symbol for one ...
The youth pledge text. The Youth Pledge (Indonesian: Sumpah Pemuda, lit. ' Youth Oath '), officially titled as Decision of the Congress of Indonesian Youth (van Ophuijsen spelling Indonesian: Poetoesan Congres Pemoeda-pemoeda Indonesia) is the pledge made by young Indonesians since 28 October 1928, which defined the identity of Indonesians.