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Two primary classes of thermodynamic cycles are power cycles and heat pump cycles. Power cycles are cycles which convert some heat input into a mechanical work output, while heat pump cycles transfer heat from low to high temperatures by using mechanical work as the input. Cycles composed entirely of quasistatic processes can operate as power ...
The following is a timeline of low-temperature technology and cryogenic technology (refrigeration down to close to absolute zero, i.e. –273.15 °C, −459.67 °F or 0 K). [1] It also lists important milestones in thermometry, thermodynamics, statistical physics and calorimetry, that were crucial in development of low temperature systems.
This timeline lists significant discoveries in physics and the laws of nature, including experimental discoveries, theoretical proposals that were confirmed experimentally, and theories that have significantly influenced current thinking in modern physics. Such discoveries are often a multi-step, multi-person process.
1824: Carnot: described the Carnot cycle, the idealized heat engine. 1824: Joseph Aspdin develops Portland cement , by heating ground limestone, clay and gypsum, in a kiln. 1827: Évariste Galois development of group theory. 1827: Georg Ohm: Ohm's law (Electricity). 1827: Amedeo Avogadro: Avogadro's law .
Thorium nuclear fuel cycle: Research started in the 1960s, still ongoing Electricity and heat generation Vortex engine: Power generation Wireless energy transfer: Prototypes, diffusion, short range consumer products [70] [71] Wirelessly powered equipment: laptop, cell phones, electric cars, etc. WiTricity, resonant inductive coupling: Zero ...
12 March – Geologists identify a 2.4-million-year cycle in deep-sea sedimentary data, caused by an orbital interaction between Earth and Mars. [196] [197] [198] 13 March. The Artificial Intelligence Act, the world's first comprehensive legal and regulatory framework for artificial intelligence, is passed by the European Union. [199]
12 April: Researchers demonstrate an 'AI scientist' that can rediscover physical laws from axioms and data. 14 April: Launch of the JUICE mission to Jupiter. 3 April. Five employees at the National Hurricane Center publish a tropical cyclone report (TCR) on Hurricane Ian, which officially upgrades the hurricane from a Category 4 to a Category 5 on the Saffir–Simpson scale.
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