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TEMS (Toyota Electronic Modulated Suspension) is a shock absorber that is electronically controlled (Continuous Damping Control) based on multiple factors, and was built and exclusively used by Toyota for selected products during the 1980s and 1990s (first introduced on the Toyota Soarer in 1983 [1]).
Torsion bar suspension; Toyota Active Control Suspension; Toyota Electronic Modulated Suspension; Toyota Super Strut suspension; Tracta joint; Traction circle; Traction Circle; Trailing-arm suspension; Transverse leaf spring front suspension; Twin-Traction Beam; Twist-beam rear suspension
With the exception of a few light-duty models that evolved into the Prado, all 70 Series Land Cruisers have solid leaf-sprung rear axles. The front solid axles were leaf-sprung until 1998, when Toyota decided in favour of a coil spring front suspension with leading arms, and a slightly lighter front axle. Also beginning in 1999 the rear leaf ...
Unlike coil springs, leaf springs also locate the rear axle, eliminating the need for trailing arms and a Panhard rod, thereby saving cost and weight in a simple live axle rear suspension. A further advantage of a leaf spring over a helical spring is that the end of the leaf spring may be guided along a definite path.
The SA was Toyota's first true post war design. It differed from all previous Toyota cars by having a 4-cylinder engine (previously a 6-cylinder was used), 4-wheel independent suspension (previously using rigid axles with leaf springs) and a smaller, "ponton" influenced aerodynamic body.
A beam axle's location in the fore and aft directions is constrained by one of several suspension components, including trailing arms, semi-trailing arms, radius rods, and leaf springs. The lateral location can be constrained by a Panhard rod, a Scott Russell linkage, a Watt's linkage, or some other arrangement, most commonly by the leaf springs.
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