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In mathematics, the Pythagorean theorem or Pythagoras' theorem is a fundamental relation in Euclidean geometry between the three sides of a right triangle.It states that the area of the square whose side is the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares on the other two sides.
Since two of the angles in an isosceles triangle are equal, if the remaining angle is 90° for a right triangle, then the two equal angles are each 45°. Then by the Pythagorean theorem, the length of the hypotenuse of such a triangle is 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}} .
The Bride's chair proof of the Pythagorean theorem, that is, the proof of the Pythagorean theorem based on the Bride's Chair diagram, is given below. The proof has been severely criticized by the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer as being unnecessarily complicated, with construction lines drawn here and there and a long line of deductive ...
Many results about plane figures are proved, for example, "In any triangle, two angles taken together in any manner are less than two right angles." (Book I proposition 17) and the Pythagorean theorem "In right-angled triangles the square on the side subtending the right angle is equal to the squares on the sides containing the right angle ...
There are many ways to prove Heron's formula, for example using trigonometry as below, or the incenter and one excircle of the triangle, [7] or as a special case of De Gua's theorem (for the particular case of acute triangles), [8] or as a special case of Brahmagupta's formula (for the case of a degenerate cyclic quadrilateral).
The Pythagorean theorem is also ancient, but it could only take its central role in the measurement of distances after the invention of Cartesian coordinates by René Descartes in 1637. The distance formula itself was first published in 1731 by Alexis Clairaut . [ 33 ]