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Two-level game theory is a political model, derived from game theory, that illustrates the domestic-international interactions between states. It was originally introduced in 1988 by Robert D. Putnam in his publication "Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games".
Robert David Putnam was born on January 9, 1941, in Rochester, New York, [10] and grew up in Port Clinton, Ohio, [11] where he participated in a competitive bowling league as a teenager. [12] Putnam graduated from Swarthmore College in 1963 where he was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity.
The report warned that "social capital" in the US was dwindling to a critically low level and something needed to be done quickly to avoid civic catastrophe. The report further outlined a "framework for sustained, broad-based social change to restore America’s civic virtue" which culminated in both the book Better Together ( ISBN 0-7432-3546 ...
In my opinion, and as it is stated by Robert Putman in his article "Diplomacy and domestic politics: the logic of two-level-games" in his book "International Organization" (1988) win-sets are: "the set of all level I agreements that would "win" - that is gain the necessary majority among the [Level II] constituents" whereas Level I is the international level and Level II is the domestic level.
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The Guess 2/3 of the average game shows the level-n theory in practice. In this game, players are tasked with guessing an integer from 0 to 100 inclusive which they believe is closest to 2/3 of the average of all players’ guesses. A Nash equilibrium can be found by thinking through each level: Level 0: The average can be in [0, 100]
Bolton, Katok, Zwick 1998, "Dictator game giving: Rules of fairness versus acts of kindness" International Journal of Game Theory, Volume 27, Number 2; Gibbons, Robert (1992) A Primer in Game Theory, Harvester Wheatsheaf; Glance, Huberman. (1994) "The dynamics of social dilemmas." Scientific American. H. W. Kuhn, Simplified Two-Person Poker; in ...
Game theorists commonly study how the outcome of a game is determined and what factors affect it. In game theory, a strategy is a set of actions that a player can take in response to the actions of others. Each player’s strategy is based on their expectation of what the other players are likely to do, often explained in terms of probability. [2]