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2. Water softening - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softening

   Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions.

3. Lime softening - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_softening

   Lime softening (also known as lime buttering, lime-soda treatment, or Clark's process) [1] is a type of water treatment used for water softening, which uses the addition of limewater (calcium hydroxide) to remove hardness (deposits of calcium and magnesium salts) by precipitation.

4. Ion exchange - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchange

   Water softeners are usually regenerated with brine containing 10% sodium chloride. [7] Aside from the soluble chloride salts of divalent cations removed from the softened water, softener regeneration wastewater contains the unused 50–70% of the sodium chloride regeneration flushing brine required to reverse ion-exchange resin equilibria.

5. This Common Water Problem Might Be Making Your Home Dirtier - AOL

   www.aol.com/common-water-problem-might-making...

   Soft water: 0-60 mg/L. Moderately hard water: 61-120 mg/L. Hard water: 121-180 mg/L. Very hard water: Over 180 mg/L. The highest mineral levels are found in the Midwest and Rocky Mountain areas ...

6. Ion-exchange resin - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion-exchange_resin

   Ion-exchange resin beads. An ion-exchange resin or ion-exchange polymer is a resin or polymer that acts as a medium for ion exchange, that is also known as an ionex. [1] It is an insoluble matrix (or support structure) normally in the form of small (0.25–1.43 mm radius) microbeads, usually white or yellowish, fabricated from an organic polymer substrate.

7. Dealkalization of water - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealkalization_of_water

   Chloride cycle dealkalizers operate similar to sodium cycle cation water softeners. Like water softeners, dealkalizers contain ion-exchange resins that are regenerated with a concentrated salt solution - NaCl. In the case of a water softener, the cation exchange resin is exchanging sodium (the Na + ion of NaCl) for hardness minerals such as ...