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e. The Magnus effect is a phenomenon that occurs when a spinning object is moving through a fluid. A lift force acts on the spinning object and its path may be deflected in a manner not present when it is not spinning. The strength and direction of the Magnus effect is dependent on the speed and direction the of rotation of the object. [1]
Magnus expansion. hide. In mathematics and physics, the Magnus expansion, named after Wilhelm Magnus (1907–1990), provides an exponential representation of the product integral solution of a first-order homogeneous linear differential equation for a linear operator. In particular, it furnishes the fundamental matrix of a system of linear ...
Gravity. Trajectory of a ball bouncing at an angle of 70° after impact without drag , with Stokes drag , and with Newton drag . The gravitational force is directed downwards and is equal to [4] where m is the mass of the ball, and g is the gravitational acceleration, which on Earth varies between 9.764 m/s 2 and 9.834 m/s2. [5]
External ballistics or exterior ballistics is the part of ballistics that deals with the behavior of a projectile in flight. The projectile may be powered or un-powered, guided or unguided, spin or fin stabilized, flying through an atmosphere or in the vacuum of space, but most certainly flying under the influence of a gravitational field.
Kutta–Joukowski theorem relates lift to circulation much like the Magnus effect relates side force (called Magnus force) to rotation. [3] However, the circulation here is not induced by rotation of the airfoil. The fluid flow in the presence of the airfoil can be considered to be the superposition of a translational flow and a rotating flow.
Lift (force) When a fluid flows around an object, the fluid exerts a force on the object. Lift is the component of this force that is perpendicular to the oncoming flow direction. [1] It contrasts with the drag force, which is the component of the force parallel to the flow direction. Lift conventionally acts in an upward direction in order to ...
Force between magnets. Magnets exert forces and torques on each other through the interaction of their magnetic fields. The forces of attraction and repulsion are a result of these interactions. The magnetic field of each magnet is due to microscopic currents of electrically charged electrons orbiting nuclei and the intrinsic magnetism of ...
Substituting into the Clapeyron equation =, we can obtain the Clausius–Clapeyron equation [7]: 509 = for low temperatures and pressures, [7]: 509 where is the specific latent heat of the substance. Instead of the specific, corresponding molar values (i.e. L {\displaystyle L} in kJ/mol and R = 8.31 J/(mol⋅K)) may also be used.