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A nosebleed, also known as epistaxis, is an instance of bleeding from the nose. [1] Blood can flow down into the stomach, and cause nausea and vomiting. [8] In more severe cases, blood may come out of both nostrils. [9] Rarely, bleeding may be so significant that low blood pressure occurs. [1]
“The only two places that blood can go when you have a nosebleed are from the front of the nose or down the back of the nose and into the throat,” says Dr. Edwards.
Bleeding can occur internally, or externally either through a natural opening such as the mouth, nose, ear, urethra, vagina or anus, or through a puncture in the skin. Hypovolemia is a massive decrease in blood volume, and death by excessive loss of blood is referred to as exsanguination . [ 2 ]
Facial trauma, also called maxillofacial trauma, is any physical trauma to the face.Facial trauma can involve soft tissue injuries such as burns, lacerations and bruises, or fractures of the facial bones such as nasal fractures and fractures of the jaw, as well as trauma such as eye injuries.
Epistaxis, or nosebleed, is a special case, where almost all first aid providers train the use of pressure points. The appropriate point here is on the soft fleshy part of the nose, which should constrict the capillaries sufficiently to stop bleeding, although obviously it does not stop bleeding from the nasopharynx or tear ducts .
On rare occasions, a nosebleed may result in bloody tears if the shed blood is forced to flow up and through the nasolacrimal ducts. [3] Acute haemolacria can occur in fertile women and seems to be induced by hormones, [2] similarly to what happens in endometriosis.
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It can be associated with trauma. [2] A septal hematoma is blood that collects in the space between the septal cartilage and the overlying perichondrium (a cross section of the cartilaginous portion of the nasal septum). A hematoma may deprive the septal cartilage of its blood supply from the overlying mucosa and can lead to permanent sequelae. [3]