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The disease is difficult to identify in the early stages of infection. The spores of the different species have different colours and can also cause respiratory damage to humans and other animals. When bee larvae take in spores, they may hatch in the gut, growing rapidly to form a collar-like ring near the larval heads.
Sacbrood virus or SBV disease is an infectious disease caused by the Morator aetatulas virus that affects honey bee larvae. When sick, the colony declines gradually with few or no replacement workers, costing 20-80% of honey production.
Deformed wing virus (DWV) is a positive-strand [1] RNA virus, one of 22 known viruses affecting honey bees.While most commonly infecting the honey bee, Apis mellifera, it has also been documented in other bee species, like Bombus terrestris, [2] thus, indicating it may have a wider host specificity than previously anticipated.
It causes nosemosis, also called nosema, which is the most common and widespread of adult honey bee diseases. [1] The dormant stage of N. apis is a long-lived spore which is resistant to temperature extremes and dehydration, and cannot be killed by freezing the contaminated comb.
Bees infected with CBPV begin to show symptoms after 5 days and die a few days after. [1] Chronic bee paralysis virus infection is a factor that can contribute to or cause the sudden collapse of honeybee colonies. [2] Since honeybees serve a vital role in ecological resilience, it is important to understand factors and diseases that threaten them.
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Varroa destructor, the Varroa mite, is an external parasitic mite that attacks and feeds on honey bees and is one of the most damaging honey bee pests in the world. [2] [3] A significant mite infestation leads to the death of a honey bee colony, usually in the late autumn through early spring.