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Xerosis is a contributing factor to pruritus and is present in 50–85% of patients with uremic pruritus. [16] Many studies have shown that emollients such as glycerol and paraffin, [17] physiological lipids, [18] 10% urea and dexpanthenol, [19] and baby oil [20] can reduce xerosis and pruritus in patients with uremic pruritus.
Other antimalarials like amodiaquine, halofantrine, and hydroxychloroquine have also been linked to pruritus, albeit less frequently and to a lesser extent. [2] Another class of medications known to occasionally cause itching is known as serotonin reuptake inhibitors. [3] Itching is one of the most frequent adverse effects of opioid therapy. [4]
The itching leads to continuously scratching the area around the anus, which can further result in tearing of the skin and complications such as secondary bacterial infections, including bacterial skin inflammation, and hair follicle inflammation. [9] [10] [14] General symptoms are trouble sleeping, and restlessness. [9]
Those who use cocaine and amphetamines may experience pruritus due to feelings of abnormal cutaneous sensations called 'delusions of parasitosis', also known as "meth mites". [5] [8] Opioid users can also experience pruritus so examining a patient's medication list can be beneficial. [5]
Up to 10% of women have a urinary tract infection in a given year and half of all women have at least one infection at some point in their lives. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] There is an increased risk of asymptomatic or symptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy due to physiological changes that occur in a pregnant woman which promotes unwanted pathogen growth in ...
One of the most common causes of dysuria is urinary tract infection. Urinary tract infections are more common in females than in males due to anatomical differences between them. Females have a comparatively shorter and straight urethra, whereas males have a longer and curved urethra.
Urethral syndrome is defined as symptoms suggestive of a lower urinary tract infection but in the absence of significant bacteriuria with a conventional pathogen. [1] It is a diagnosis of exclusion in patients with dysuria and frequency without demonstrable infection. [2] In women, vaginitis should also be ruled out. [3]
The symptoms of urethritis can include pain or a burning sensation upon urination , a white/cloudy discharge and a feeling that one needs to pass urine frequently. For men, the signs and symptoms are discharge from the penis, burning or pain when urinating, itching, irritation, or tenderness.