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Algebra is the branch of mathematics that studies certain abstract systems, known as algebraic structures, and the manipulation of expressions within those systems. It is a generalization of arithmetic that introduces variables and algebraic operations other than the standard arithmetic operations, such as addition and multiplication.
y or x · y. Plain text, programming languages, and calculators also use a single asterisk to represent the multiplication symbol, [6] and it must be explicitly used; for example, 3x is written as 3 * x. Rather than using the ambiguous division sign (÷), [a] division is usually represented with a vinculum, a horizontal line, as in 3 / x ...
Suppose X and Y in the Lie algebra are given. Their exponentials, exp(X) and exp(Y), are rotation matrices, which can be multiplied. Since the exponential map is a surjection, for some Z in the Lie algebra, exp(Z) = exp(X) exp(Y), and one may tentatively write = (,), for C some expression in X and Y.
These equations induce equivalence classes on the free algebra; the quotient algebra then has the algebraic structure of a group. Some structures do not form varieties, because either: It is necessary that 0 ≠ 1, 0 being the additive identity element and 1 being a multiplicative identity element, but this is a nonidentity;
One particular solution is x = 0, y = 0, z = 0. Two other solutions are x = 3, y = 6, z = 1, and x = 8, y = 9, z = 2. There is a unique plane in three-dimensional space which passes through the three points with these coordinates, and this plane is the set of all points whose coordinates are solutions of the equation.
In linear algebra, a rotation matrix is a transformation matrix that is used to perform a rotation in Euclidean space.For example, using the convention below, the matrix = [ ]
In abstract algebra, an alternative algebra is an algebra in which multiplication need not be associative, only alternative. That is, one must have That is, one must have x ( x y ) = ( x x ) y {\displaystyle x(xy)=(xx)y}
The following proposition says that for any set , the power set of , ordered by inclusion, is a bounded lattice, and hence together with the distributive and complement laws above, show that it is a Boolean algebra.