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  2. Plasmid preparation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid_preparation

    Plasmid miniprep. 0.8% agarose gel ethidium bromide-stained.. A plasmid preparation is a method of DNA extraction and purification for plasmid DNA.It is an important step in many molecular biology experiments and is essential for the successful use of plasmids in research and biotechnology.

  3. Limulus amebocyte lysate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limulus_amebocyte_lysate

    Atlantic horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus. Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) is an aqueous extract of motile blood cells from the Atlantic horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus.LAL reacts with bacterial endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are components of the bacterial capsule, the outermost membrane of cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria.

  4. Gel extraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_extraction

    Gel extraction kits are available from several major biotech manufacturers for a final cost of approximately 1–2 US$ per sample. Protocols included in these kits generally call for the dissolution of the gel-slice in 3 volumes of chaotropic agent at 50 °C, followed by application of the solution to a spin-column (the DNA remains in the column), a 70% ethanol wash (the DNA remains in the ...

  5. DNA extraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_extraction

    The first isolation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was done in 1869 by Friedrich Miescher. [1] DNA extraction is the process of isolating DNA from the cells of an organism isolated from a sample, typically a biological sample such as blood, saliva, or tissue. It involves breaking open the cells, removing proteins and other contaminants, and ...

  6. Lipopolysaccharide - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide

    Structure of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Lipopolysaccharide, now more commonly known as endotoxin, [1] is a collective term for components of the outermost membrane of the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli and Salmonella [2] with a common structural architecture.

  7. Depyrogenation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depyrogenation

    Because endotoxin molecular weight may vary a great deal (10,000 to 1,000,000 Da), endotoxin levels are measured in "endotoxin units" (EU). One EU is approximately equivalent to 100 pg of E. coli lipopolysaccharide—the amount present in around 10 5 bacteria. Humans can develop symptoms when exposed to as little as 5 EU/kg body weight.

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