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Cardiac index is a critical parameter in evaluating cardiac performance and the adequacy of tissue perfusion. In healthy adults, the normal range of cardiac index is generally between 2.6 to 4.2 L/min/m². Values below this range may indicate hypoperfusion and are often seen in conditions such as heart failure, hypovolemia, and cardiogenic shock.
Breast cancer patients are at high risk of heart failure due to several factors. [55] After analyzing data from 26 studies (836,301 patients), the recent meta-analysis found that breast cancer survivors demonstrated a higher risk heart failure within first ten years after diagnosis (hazard ratio = 1.21; 95% CI: 1.1, 1.33). [56]
In contrast, optimal (health) range or therapeutic target is a reference range or limit that is based on concentrations or levels that are associated with optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and diseases. For most substances presented, the optimal levels are the ones normally found in the population as well.
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a form of heart failure in which the ejection fraction – the percentage of the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat divided by the volume of blood when the left ventricle is maximally filled – is normal, defined as greater than 50%; [1] this may be measured by echocardiography or cardiac catheterization.
The TIMI risk score can identify high risk patients in ST-elevation and non-ST segment elevation MI ACS [30] [31] and has been independently validated. [32] [33] Based on a global registry of 102,341 patients, the GRACE risk scoreestimates in-hospital, 6 months, 1 year, and 3-year mortality risk after a heart attack. [34]
If the patient is 'low risk' using the CHA 2 DS 2-VASc score (that is, 0 in males or 1 in females), no anticoagulant therapy is recommended. In males with 1 stroke risk factor (that is, a CHA 2 DS 2-VASc score=1), antithrombotic therapy with OAC may be considered, and people's values and preferences should be considered. [28]