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The Fall of the House of Habsburg. Sphere Books Limited, London, 1970. (First published by Longmans in 1963.) Erbe, Michael (2000). Die Habsburger 1493–1918. Urban. Kohlhammer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-17-011866-9. Evans, Robert J. W. The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1550–1700: An Interpretation. Clarendon Press, 1979. Fichtner, Paula Sutter ...
The two main candidates were the Austrian Habsburg Archduke Charles, and 16-year-old Philip of Anjou, grandson of Charles' half-sister Maria Theresa and Louis XIV of France. Shortly before his death in November 1700, Charles named Philip his heir, but the acquisition of an undivided Spanish Empire by either France or Austria threatened the ...
Habsburg family tree. This is a family tree of the Habsburg family. This family tree only includes male scions of the House of Habsburg from 1096 to 1564. [1] Otto II was the first to take the Habsburg Castle name as his own, adding "von Habsburg" to his title and creating the House of Habsburg.
Inbreeding is also used to reveal deleterious recessive alleles, which can then be eliminated through assortative breeding or through culling. In plant breeding, inbred lines are used as stocks for the creation of hybrid lines to make use of the effects of heterosis. Inbreeding in plants also occurs naturally in the form of self-pollination.
The ancestry of Charles II of Spain, showing the severe royal inbreeding which caused him to be the final member of the Habsburg Monarchy of the 16th and 17th centuries. Usage [ edit ]
Maria Antonia had the highest coefficient of inbreeding in the House of Habsburg, 0.3053: [6] her father was her mother's maternal uncle and paternal first cousin once removed, and her maternal grandparents were also uncle and niece. Her coefficient was higher than that of a child born to a parent and offspring, or brother and sister.
[13] [a] Traits such as these were often exaggerated by inbreeding, and can be traced within specific families. [10] Although more common than appreciated, the best known historical example is Habsburg jaw, or Habsburg or Austrian lip, due to its prevalence in members of the House of Habsburg, which can be traced in their portraits. [15]
The Habsburg Philip II of Spain and his wife, the Tudor Mary I of England.Mary and Philip were first cousins once removed. The wedding of Nicholas II of Russia and Alix of Hesse (whose name was changed to Alexandra Feodorovna in the process), second cousins through their shared great-grandparents Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse, and Wilhelmine of Baden