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A lower gastrointestinal bleed is defined as bleeding originating distal to the ileocecal valve, which includes the colon, rectum, and anus. [2] LGIB was previously defined as any bleed that occurs distal to the ligament of Treitz, which included the aforementioned parts of the intestine and also included the last 1/4 of the duodenum and the entire area of the jejunum and ileum. [1]
Hemosuccus pancreaticus is a rare cause of hemorrhage in the gastrointestinal tract.It is caused by a bleeding source in the pancreas, pancreatic duct, or structures adjacent to the pancreas, such as the splenic artery, that bleed into the pancreatic duct, which is connected with the bowel at the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine.
A rectus sheath hematoma is an accumulation of blood in the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle.It causes abdominal pain with or without a mass.. The hematoma may be caused by either rupture of the epigastric artery or by a muscular tear.
Forrest's classification is instrumental when stratifying patients with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage into high and low risk categories for mortality.It is also a significant method of prediction of the risk of rebleeding and very often is used for evaluation of the endoscopic intervention modalities. [3]
Swirl sign on CT scan (areas of low densities with surrounding areas of high densities) is indicative of active intracranial bleeding, high chance of death within one month, and poor subject's function in three months if the subject is still alive. [4] When ICP is increased the heart rate may be decreased.
Melena is a form of blood in stool which refers to the dark black, tarry feces that are commonly associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. [1] The black color and characteristic strong odor are caused by hemoglobin in the blood being altered by digestive enzymes and intestinal bacteria.
Bleeding may not be readily apparent; internal organs such as the liver, kidney and spleen may bleed into the abdominal cavity. The only apparent signs may come with blood loss. Bleeding from a bodily orifice, such as the rectum, nose, or ears may signal internal bleeding, but cannot be relied upon.
The Liver Injury Scale classification (2018 revision) [1] [2] [10] Grade Subcapsular hematoma Laceration Vascular injury I <10% surface area <1 cm in depth - II: 10–50% surface area: 1–3 cm - III >50% or >10 cm >3 cm Any injury in the presence of a liver vascular injury or active bleeding contained within liver parenchyma IV: 25–75% of a ...