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Pneuma (πνεῦμα) is an ancient Greek word for "breath", and in a religious context for "spirit". [1] [2] It has various technical meanings for medical writers and philosophers of classical antiquity, particularly in regard to physiology, and is also used in Greek translations of ruach רוח in the Hebrew Bible, and in the Greek New Testament.
In the rational creatures pneuma is manifested in the highest degree of purity and intensity as an emanation from the world-soul. [60] Humans have souls because the universe has a soul, [62] and human rationality is the same as God's rationality. [3] The pneuma that is soul pervades the entire human body. [61]
The sensitive soul, however, allows for sensation and movement in humans and animals. The third, the rational, is exclusive to humans, and allows for rational thought. [6] In book II, Aristotle states that, the soul is the part of the human that allows its entire being, that one can't exist without the other and they complement each other.
In ancient philosophy, any attenuated "thin" matter such as air, aether, fire or light was considered incorporeal. [4] The ancient Greeks believed air, as opposed to solid earth, to be incorporeal, insofar as it is less resistant to movement; and the ancient Persians believed fire to be incorporeal in that every soul was said to be produced ...
The soul is an incarnated spirit, whose body is only its envelope. There are in man three things: 1. The body, or material being, analogous to the animals, and animated by the same vital principle; 2. The soul, or immaterial being, a spirit incarnated in the body; 3.
La Sylphide Bourbon, A.M. Bininger & Co. Bourbon advertising label in the shape of a glass showing a man pursuing three sylphs. The Swiss German physician and alchemist Paracelsus first coined the term sylph in the 16th century to describe an air spirit in his overarching scheme of elemental spirits associated with the four Classical elements.
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The floating man, flying man, or man suspended in air argument is a thought experiment by the Persian philosopher Ibn Sina (Avicenna) which argues for the existence of the soul. [1] This thought experiment is used to argue in favor of knowledge by presence .