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Specific gravity is the density of a liquid relative to that of water, i.e., if the density of the liquid is 1.05 times that of water, it has a specific gravity of 1.05. In UK brewing usage, it is customary to regard the reference value for water to be 1000, so the specific gravity of the same example beer would be quoted as 1050.
The original gravity is the specific gravity measured before fermentation. From it the analyst can compute the original extract which is the mass (grams) of sugar in 100 grams (3.5 oz) of wort (°P) by use of the Plato scale. The symbol will denote OE in the formulas which follow.
A rough conversion between specific gravity, SG, and either degrees Brix, Plato or Balling can be made by dividing the thousandths of SG above 1 (which is often referred to as gravity points) by 4. So a specific gravity of 1.048 has 48 gravity points, and 48 divided by 4 would be approximately 12 degrees Plato, Balling or Brix.
A more attenuated beer is drier and more alcoholic than a less attenuated beer made from the same wort. Attenuation can be quantified by comparing the specific gravity — the density of a solution, relative to pure water — of the extract before and after fermentation, quantities termed the original and final gravities.
The term was originally used in England and from 1816 was equal to about 1.75 times the percentage of alcohol by volume (ABV). The United Kingdom today uses ABV instead of proof. In the United States, alcohol proof is defined as twice the percentage of ABV. The definition of proof in terms of ABV varies from country to country.
A twelfth (1 ⁄ 12, or 0.083) of a US Gallon, rounded up from its actual volume of 10.66 US fl oz. Formerly used for beer until it was replaced by the 3 ⁄ 4 Pint (12 US oz.) bottle after World War 2. Tenth (US) 12.8 US fl oz-378 mL: A tenth (1 ⁄ 10, or 0.1) of a US gallon. Called a "Commercial Pint" because it was equivalent to 0.8 US ...
Ice beer was developed by brewing a strong, dark lager, then freezing the beer and removing some of the ice. This concentrates the aroma and taste of the beer, and also raises the alcoholic strength of the finished beer. [3] This produces a beer with 12 to 15 per cent alcohol. In North America, water would be added to lower the alcohol level. [4]
A common approach is to analyze the appearance, smell, and taste of the beer, and then make a final judgment on the beer's quality. There are various scales used by beer journalists and experts to rate beer, such as the 1-20 scale used by British sommelier Jancis Robinson and the 1-100 scale used by American sommelier Joshua M. Bernstein.