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Phenylpropanolamine was first synthesized in the early 20th century, in or around 1910. [21] [11] It was patented as a mydriatic in 1913. [21] The pressor effects of phenylpropanolamine were characterized in the late 1920s and the 1930s. [21] Phenylpropanolamine was first introduced for medical use by the 1930s. [23] [11]
The original packaging used the phrase "Ayds Reducing Plan vitamin and mineral Candy"; a later version used the phrase "appetite suppressant candy". The active ingredient was originally benzocaine, [1] presumably to reduce the sense of taste to reduce eating, later changed in the candy (as reported by The New York Times) to phenylpropanolamine. [2]
Phenylpropanoids are found throughout the plant kingdom, where they serve as essential components of a number of structural polymers, provide protection from ultraviolet light, defend against herbivores and pathogens, and also mediate plant-pollinator interactions as floral pigments and scent compounds.
In plants, all phenylpropanoids are derived from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine.. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, a.k.a. phenylalanine/tyrosine ammonia-lyase) is an enzyme that transforms L-phenylalanine and tyrosine into trans-cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid, respectively.
Interactions with food products containing tyrosine. [28] Isaxonine phosphate: 1984 France Hepatotoxicity. [3] Isoxicam: 1983 France, Germany, Spain, others Stevens–Johnson syndrome. [3] Kava Kava: 2002 Germany Hepatotoxicity. [14] Ketorolac: 1993 France, Germany, others Hemorrhage, Kidney Failure. [3] L-tryptophan: 1989 Germany, UK ...
Interactions between chemical compounds also is a frequent area of taxonomy, as are the major organic chemistry categories (protein, carbohydrate, lipid, etc.) that are relevant to the field. In the field of aroma and flavor alone, Flament gives a list of 300 contributing chemicals in green beans, and over 850 after roasting.
Dexatrim formula has changed considerably over the years. In prior formulations, Dexatrim contained the decongestant phenylpropanolamine (PPA) and the amphetamine-like compound ephedra. [13] A 2000 study by Yale University School of Medicine showed an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke with taking PPA. [14]
In 1959, phentermine first received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an appetite suppressant. [43] Eventually a hydrochloride salt and a resin form became available. [43] Phentermine was marketed with fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine as a combination appetite suppressant and fat burning agent under the popular name fen ...