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The design of most classical columns incorporates entasis (the inclusion of a slight outward curve in the sides) plus a reduction in diameter along the height of the column, so that the top is as little as 83% of the bottom diameter. This reduction mimics the parallax effects which the eye expects to see, and tends to make columns look taller ...
This assembly of columns and beams forms a rigid frame that amounts to a dense and strong structural wall along the exterior of the building. [3] This exterior framing is designed sufficiently strong to resist all lateral loads on the building, thereby allowing the interior of the building to be simply framed for gravity loads.
The spandrel plates, typically 52 inches (1.3 m) deep, were welded to the exterior columns to create the modular pieces off-site at the fabrication shop. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] Each of the modular pieces typically weighed 22 tons and was 10 feet (3.0 m) wide and 24 to 36 feet (7.3 to 11.0 m) tall, spanning two or three floors. [ 108 ]
The staggered truss system is a type of structural steel framing used in high-rise buildings.The system consists of a series of story-high trusses spanning the total width between two rows of exterior columns and arranged in a staggered pattern on adjacent column lines. [1]
[4] Closely spaced interconnected exterior columns form the tube. Horizontal loads (primarily wind) are supported by the structure as a whole. About half the exterior surface is available for windows. Framed tubes allow fewer interior columns, and so create more usable floor space.
Post and lintel construction of the Airavatesvara Temple, India, a World Heritage Monument site Leinster House in Dublin retains column-shaped pilasters under a pediment for aesthetic reasons. Post and lintel (also called prop and lintel , a trabeated system , or a trilithic system ) is a building system where strong horizontal elements are ...
A building project in Wuhan, China, demonstrating the relationship between the inner load-bearing structure and an exterior glass curtain wall Curtain walls are also used on residential structures A curtain wall is an exterior covering of a building in which the outer walls are non-structural, instead serving to protect the interior of the ...
Channel or C section girts bolted to plate cleats welded to a portal column in an industrial building. In architecture or structural engineering, a girt, also known as a sheeting rail, is a horizontal structural member in a framed wall. Girts provide lateral support to the wall panel, primarily to resist wind loads. [citation needed]