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The term plasmid was coined in 1952 by the American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg to refer to "any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant." [11] [12] The term's early usage included any bacterial genetic material that exists extrachromosomally for at least part of its replication cycle, but because that description includes bacterial viruses, the notion of plasmid was refined over time ...
One bacterial plasmid used in genetic engineering as a plasmid cloning vector is pUC18. Its polylinker region is composed of several restriction enzyme recognition sites, that have been engineered into a single cluster (the polylinker). It has restriction sites for various restriction enzymes, including EcoRI, BamHI, and PstI.
A plasmid partition system is a mechanism that ensures the stable inheritance of plasmids during bacterial cell division. Each plasmid has its independent replication system which controls the number of copies of the plasmid in a cell. The higher the copy number, the more likely the two daughter cells will contain the plasmid.
Plasmid-mediated resistance is the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes which are carried on plasmids. [1] Plasmids possess mechanisms that ensure their independent replication as well as those that regulate their replication number and guarantee stable inheritance during cell division.
A transfer DNA (T-DNA) binary system is a pair of plasmids consisting of a T-DNA binary vector and a vir helper plasmid. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The two plasmids are used together (thus binary [ 2 ] [ 3 ] ) to produce genetically modified plants .
The parABS system is a broadly conserved molecular mechanism for plasmid partitioning and chromosome segregation in bacteria.Originally identified as a genetic element required for faithful partitioning of low-copy-number plasmids, it consists of three components: the ParA ATPase, the ParB DNA-binding protein, and the cis-acting parS sequence.
Ensuring a plasmid accepts an insert is a common problem of DNA cloning. Toxin-antitoxin systems can be used to positively select for only those cells that have taken up a plasmid containing the inserted gene of interest, screening out those that lack the inserted gene.
An origin of transfer – A plasmid with no origin of transfer is non-mobilizable. [2] The transfer genes – Though a functioning set of tra genes is necessary for plasmid transfer, they may be located in a variety of places including the plasmid in question, another plasmid in the same host cell, or even in the bacterial genome. [3]