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Highest velocity of a spacecraft relative to the Sun: 191.7 km/s (690,000 km/h; 430,000 mph). Closest approach to the Sun: distance of 0.041 AU (6,000,000 kilometres; 3,800,000 mi). [90] [91] This makes the probe the fastest object in the Solar System apart from comets (overtaking asteroid 2005 HC4).
Due to its large size, the timeline has been split into smaller articles, one for each year since 1951. There is a separate list for all flights that occurred before 1951. The list for the year 2025 and for its subsequent years may contain planned launches, but the statistics will only include past launches.
First clear telescopic photograph of another world: the Moon. United States: John William Draper: 1845 First proper observation of other galaxies which are termed "whirlpool nebulae". UK: William Parsons: 1861 A Journey Through Space makes first proposal of using rockets for space flight. UK William Leitch: 1895 First proposal of space elevator ...
The first woman in space was former civilian parachutist Valentina Tereshkova, who entered orbit on June 16, 1963, aboard the Soviet mission Vostok 6. The chief Soviet spacecraft designer, Sergey Korolyov, conceived of the idea to recruit a
[1] [37]: 31 The solar shield is hexagonal, mounted on the Sun-facing side of the spacecraft, 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) in diameter, [38] 11.4 cm (4.5 in) thick, and is made of two panels of reinforced carbon–carbon composite with a lightweight 11-centimeter-thick (4.5 in) carbon foam core, [39] which is designed to withstand temperatures outside the ...
Timeline of first images of Earth from space; List of International Space Station expeditions; List of human spaceflights to the International Space Station; Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station; List of crew of the International Space Station; List of visitors to the International Space Station; List of interplanetary voyages
The spacecraft is placed inexorably in a useless orbit, or The spacecraft fails to contact the ground after separation, or The spacecraft malfunctions and cannot be recovered with a significant portion of its mission remaining A mission is considered a partial failure if Some primary mission objectives are met, but some are not, or
Contact with Venera 1 was lost 7 days after launch. It was the first spacecraft to fly by Venus, or indeed any planet. [76] Mariner 2: Venus 27 August 1962 14 December 1962 110 days (3 months, 18 days) Mariner 2 flew by Venus at a minimum distance of 34,773 km. It was the first spacecraft to return data from Venus. [77] Mars 1: Mars 1 November 1962