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It functions to stop cranial (anterior) movement of the tibia with respect to the femur, hyperextension of the stifle joint and internal rotation of the tibia. The cranial cruciate ligament is thought to be able to resist a force equivalent to four times the weight of the dog before it ruptures, but often the ligament is weakened by arthritis ...
The knee is allowed to sag into complete extension. The opposite hand grasps the lateral portion of the leg at the level of the superior tibiofibular joint, increasing the force of internal rotation. While maintaining internal rotation, a valgus force is applied to the knee while it is slowly flexed. If the tibia's position on the femur reduces ...
The fibula can then be guided into the fibular notch located on the tibia, effectively restoring its length. Internal rotation of the foot may then be used to correct anatomical alignment. [12] [13] Following open-reduction, internal fixation is usually performed to stabilise the ankle mortise.
The purpose of the ACL is to resist the motions of anterior tibial translation and internal tibial rotation; this is important to have rotational stability. [6] This function prevents anterior tibial subluxation of the lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints, which is important for the pivot-shift phenomenon. [6]
Pigeon toe, also known as in-toeing, is a condition which causes the toes to point inward when walking.It is most common in infants and children under two years of age [1] and, when not the result of simple muscle weakness, [2] normally arises from underlying conditions, such as a twisted shin bone or an excessive anteversion (femoral head is more than 15° from the angle of torsion) resulting ...
Internal rotation (medial rotation or intorsion) is rotation towards the axis of the body, [22] carried out by internal rotators. External rotation (lateral rotation or extorsion) is rotation away from the center of the body, [22] carried out by external rotators. Internal and external rotators make up the rotator cuff, a group of muscles that ...
Bone malrotation refers to the situation that results when a bone heals out of rotational alignment from another bone, or part of bone. It often occurs as the result of a surgical complication after a fracture where intramedullary nailing (IMN) occurs, [1] especially in the femur and tibial bones, but can also occur genetically at birth.
Internal rotation; Similar to decreased stride length and increased step width, lateral sway is generally postulated to be an indication of gait instability. The gait naturally widens to account for a greater instability or external perturbations to balance. Step variability is also related to balance and lateral stability.