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Starting in the 1960s, women's groups and feminists organizations began to emerge. [15] [22] These included university groups, women's jurist associations and clandestine women's political affiliate organizations. [15] Women's associations were tolerated by the regime but were not completely legal.
Women lost most of their rights after Franco came to power in 1939 at the end of the Spanish Civil War, with the major exception that women did not universally lose their right to vote. Repression of the women's vote occurred nevertheless as the dictatorship held no national democratic elections between 1939 and 1977.
The 1960s would begin to see a change in major themes in women's writings, with women beginning to challenge their role in society and to argue more for women's rights. This represented both self-realization in women expressed in fiction and a begin to a return of Republican era thinking about women.
Women in Francoist Spain (1939–1978) were the last generation of women to not be afforded full equality under the 1978 Spanish Constitution. [1] Women during this period found traditional Catholic Spanish gender roles being imposed on them, in terms of their employment opportunities and role in the family.
If women did not take or pass these classes, they were denied these opportunities. [3] A 28 December 1939 decree officially put the Women's Section of Falange in charge of preparing women for their role in the Spanish state as mothers and homemakers. [5] The Women's Section of the Falange represented the elite women of Spain. [5]
This document returned Spain to being a country where women were guaranteed full equal rights under the law. Reforms in the post-Francoist period saw the Catholic Church lose official status in government, the age of legal majority moved from 21 to 18, and marriage defining men and women equally.
These changes meant women could accept inheritances, appear in court, and accept a job without the approval of their husbands. [22] [9] The changes also impacted who controlled matrimonial property. [23] [22] [9] The law was also changed so that husbands were no longer married women's legal representatives by default. [9]
With the renovation of the PSOE executive committee in the period between 1970 and 1974, practices around women's issues remained the same as they had during the past. They did not create any structures to legitimize women's issues. They offered little to women to suggest the socialists were a legitimate force for deal with women's issues. [12]