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Spanish ships had carried goods from the New World since Christopher Columbus's first expedition of 1492. The organized system of convoys dates from 1564, but Spain sought to protect shipping prior to that by organizing protection around the largest Caribbean island, Cuba , and the maritime region of southern Spain and the Canary Islands ...
A convict ship, as used to convey convicts to the British colonies in America, the Caribbean and Australian Colonies, were ordinary British merchant ships as seen in ports around the world at that time. There was no ship specifically built as a convict vessel. [1]
According to his great-grandson, Lorenzo Dow Johnson (1805–1867), Gibson was a prosperous merchant who owned a plantation on the island of Jamaica, owned a mansion in the neighbourhood of Beacon Hill, Boston, was a ship captain, was a shareholder in Long Wharf, and owned land in what is now Maine, both near the village of Stroudwater, now a neighbourhood of Portland, Maine and beyond the ...
Shipping to the colonies boomed along with the flood of skilled mariners after the war. Merchant shippers used the surplus of labor to drive wages down, cut corners to maximize profits, and create unsavory conditions aboard their vessels. Merchant sailors suffered from mortality rates as high or higher than the slaves being transported. [24]
The pirates would attack merchant shipping from any nation, plundering the wealth of the ship, and most of the time sinking or burning a great number who fell into their hands. [ citation needed ] Revenge was sought against merchant captains and officers who were known to have been cruel or unreasonable in the treatment of their crew, often ...
Some Caribbean islands take advantage of flag of convenience policies followed by foreign merchant fleets, registering the ships in Caribbean ports. The registry of ships at "flag of convenience" ports is protected by the Law of the Sea and other international treaties. These treaties leave the enforcement of labour, tax, health and safety, and ...
The non-Spanish colonies were growing and expanding across the Caribbean, fueled by a great increase in immigration as people fled from the chaos and lack of economic opportunity in Europe. While most of these new immigrants settled into the West Indies' expanding plantation economy, others took to the life of the buccaneer.
Bermuda customs officers called a gunboat and Royal Navy forces to detain the Enterprise ship, and a Bermudian ex-slave Richard Tucker served the white captain with a writ of habeas corpus, ordering him to deliver the slaves to the Bermuda Supreme Court so they could speak as to their choice of gaining freedom in the colony or returning with ...