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The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation can be used to estimate the pH of a buffer solution by approximating the actual concentration ratio as the ratio of the analytical concentrations of the acid and of a salt, MA. The equation can also be applied to bases by specifying the protonated form of the base as the acid.
The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation, which is derived from the law of mass action, can be modified with respect to the bicarbonate buffer system to yield a simpler equation that provides a quick approximation of the H + or HCO − 3 concentration without the need to calculate logarithms: [7]
That is, when several buffers are present together in the same solution, they are all exposed to the same hydrogen ion activity. Hence, the pK of each buffer will dictate the ratio of the concentrations of its base and weak acid forms at the given pH, in accordance with the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation .
Speciation of ions refers to the changing concentration of varying forms of an ion as the pH of the solution changes. [1]The ratio of acid, AH and conjugate base, A −, concentrations varies as the difference between the pH and the pK a varies, in accordance with the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.
Dependence of pKa2 of phosphate buffer on ionic strength and temperature. The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation gives the pH of a solution relative to the pK a of the acid–base pair. However the pK a is dependent on ionic strength and temperature, and as it shifts so will the pH of a solution based on that acid–base pair.
He wrote the Henderson equation in 1908 to describe the use of carbonic acid as a buffer solution. Karl Albert Hasselbalch later expressed the equation in logarithmic terms, creating the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation. [3] In addition, he described blood gas transport and the general physiology of blood as physico-chemical system (1920–1932).
For alkaline buffers, a strong base such as sodium hydroxide may be added. Alternatively, a buffer mixture can be made from a mixture of an acid and its conjugate base. For example, an acetate buffer can be made from a mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate. Similarly, an alkaline buffer can be made from a mixture of the base and its ...
Buffers typically consist of a pair of compounds in solution, one of which is a weak acid and the other a weak base. [13] ... The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation, ...