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If X has a standard uniform distribution, then by the inverse transform sampling method, Y = − λ −1 ln(X) has an exponential distribution with (rate) parameter λ. If X has a standard uniform distribution, then Y = X n has a beta distribution with parameters (1/n,1). As such, The Irwin–Hall distribution is the sum of n i.i.d. U(0,1 ...
By the Central Limit Theorem, as n increases, the Irwin–Hall distribution more and more strongly approximates a Normal distribution with mean = / and variance = /.To approximate the standard Normal distribution () = (=, =), the Irwin–Hall distribution can be centered by shifting it by its mean of n/2, and scaling the result by the square root of its variance:
0, α, 2α, 3α, 4α, ... is equidistributed modulo 1. [3] More generally, if p is a polynomial with at least one coefficient other than the constant term irrational then the sequence p(n) is uniformly distributed modulo 1. This was proven by Weyl and is an application of van der Corput's difference theorem. [4]
The problem of estimating the maximum of a discrete uniform distribution on the integer interval [,] from a sample of k observations is commonly known as the German tank problem, following the practical application of this maximum estimation problem, during World War II, by Allied forces seeking to estimate German tank production.
This distribution for a = 0, b = 1 and c = 0.5—the mode (i.e., the peak) is exactly in the middle of the interval—corresponds to the distribution of the mean of two standard uniform variables, that is, the distribution of X = (X 1 + X 2) / 2, where X 1, X 2 are two independent random variables with standard uniform distribution in [0, 1]. [1]
This means that the sum of two independent normally distributed random variables is normal, with its mean being the sum of the two means, and its variance being the sum of the two variances (i.e., the square of the standard deviation is the sum of the squares of the standard deviations). [1]
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Here the problem of defining or manipulating a joint probability distribution for a set of random variables is simplified or reduced in apparent complexity by applying the probability integral transform to each of the components and then working with a joint distribution for which the marginal variables have uniform distributions.