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T.H. Marshall published his essay in 1949 and it has had a huge impact on many of the citizenship debates which have followed it. [4] Though the original essay fails to view perspectives other than that of a working class white male, social citizenship not only can be but has been applied to myriad peoples.
T. H. Marshall was born in London on 19 December 1893 to a wealthy, artistically cultured family (a Bloomsbury family). [8] He was the fourth of six children. [8] His great-grandfather acquired an industrial fortune and his father, William Cecil Marshall, was a successful architect, giving Marshall a privileged upbringing and inheritance. [9]
Social citizenship was a term first coined by T. H. Marshall, who argued that the ideal citizenship experience entails access to political, civil and social rights in a state. [1]
Marshall concludes his essay with three major factors for the evolution of social rights and for their further evolution, listed below: The lessening of the income gap "The great extension of the area of common culture and common experience" [43] An enlargement of citizenship and more rights granted to these citizens.
For example, sociologist T. H. Marshall suggested that citizenship was a contradiction between the "formal political equality of the franchise" and the "persistence of extensive social and economic inequality." [50] In Marshall's sense, citizenship was a way to straddle both issues. [50]
In the 20th century, T. H. Marshall proposed what he believed to be central democratic ideals in his seminal essay on citizenship, citing three different kinds of rights: civil rights that are the basic building blocks of individual freedom; political rights, which include the rights of citizens to participate in order to exercise political ...
T. H. Marshall notes that civil rights were among the first to be recognized and codified, followed later by political rights and still later by social rights. In many countries, they are constitutional rights and are included in a bill of rights or similar document.
The republican model of citizenship emphasizes one’s active participation in civil society as a means of defining his or her citizenship. [1] Initially used to describe citizenship in ancient Greece, the republican notion focuses on how political participation is linked with one’s indent as a citizen, stemming from Aristotle’s definition of citizenship as the ability to rule and be ruled.