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Continued fractions can also be applied to problems in number theory, and are especially useful in the study of Diophantine equations. In the late eighteenth century Lagrange used continued fractions to construct the general solution of Pell's equation, thus answering a question that had fascinated mathematicians for more than a thousand years. [9]
The result is an equation with no fractions. The simplified equation is not entirely equivalent to the original. For when we substitute y = 0 and z = 0 in the last equation, both sides simplify to 0, so we get 0 = 0, a mathematical truth.
Decimal fractions can be added by a simple modification of the above process. [39] One aligns two decimal fractions above each other, with the decimal point in the same location. If necessary, one can add trailing zeros to a shorter decimal to make it the same length as the longer decimal.
Continued fractions are most conveniently applied to solve the general quadratic equation expressed in the form of a monic polynomial x 2 + b x + c = 0 {\displaystyle x^{2}+bx+c=0} which can always be obtained by dividing the original equation by its leading coefficient .
In decimal numbers greater than 1 (such as 3.75), the fractional part of the number is expressed by the digits to the right of the decimal (with a value of 0.75 in this case). 3.75 can be written either as an improper fraction, 375/100, or as a mixed number, 3 + 75 / 100 .
As with fractions of the form , it has been conjectured that every fraction (for >) can be expressed as a sum of three positive unit fractions. A generalized version of the conjecture states that, for any positive k {\displaystyle k} , all but finitely many fractions k n {\displaystyle {\tfrac {k}{n}}} can be expressed as a sum of three ...
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By considering the complete quotients of periodic continued fractions, Euler was able to prove that if x is a regular periodic continued fraction, then x is a quadratic irrational number. The proof is straightforward. From the fraction itself, one can construct the quadratic equation with integral coefficients that x must satisfy.