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Portolan charts are nautical charts, first made in the 13th century in the Mediterranean basin and later expanded to include other regions. The word portolan comes from the Italian portolano , meaning "related to ports or harbors ", and which since at least the 17th century designates "a collection of sailing directions".
The most popular navigational text of the late 18th century was The Practical Navigator by John Hamilton Moore of the Royal Navy, first published in 1772.To have exact tables to work from, Bowditch recomputed all of Moore's tables, and rearranged and expanded the work.
Online version of Chart No.1 with "Symbols, Abbreviations and Terms" used in nautical charts; Portolan Chart of Gabriel de Vallseca, 1439; The short film "Reading Charts (April 6, 1999)" is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive. Nautical charts available online (Nautical Free) Online Nautical Charts Viewer
Before the advent of nautical charts in the 14th century, navigation at sea relied on the accumulated knowledge of navigators and pilots.Plotting a course at sea required knowing the direction and distance between point A and point B. Knowledge of where places lay relative to each other was acquired by mariners during their long experience at sea.
Nautical charts and textual descriptions known as sailing directions have been in use in one form or another since the sixth century BC. [14] Nautical charts using stereographic and orthographic projections date back to the second century BC. [14] In 1900, the Antikythera mechanism was recovered from Antikythera wreck. This mechanism was built ...
Coates Crescent, Edinburgh. John William Norie (3 July 1772 in London – 24 December 1843), [1] was a mathematician, hydrographer, chart maker and publisher of nautical books most famous for his Epitome of Practical Navigation (1805) which became a standard work on navigation and went through many editions as did many of Norie's works.