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The ducts number between two and eleven from each bronchiole. [10] Each duct opens into five or six alveolar sacs into which clusters of alveoli open. Each terminal respiratory unit is called an acinus and consists of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli. New alveoli continue to form until the age of eight ...
At the end of exhalation, the airways contain about 150 ml of alveolar air which is the first air that is breathed back into the alveoli during inhalation. [10] [20] This volume air that is breathed out of the alveoli and back in again is known as dead space ventilation, which has the consequence that of the 500 ml breathed into the alveoli ...
Alveoli are the spherical outcroppings of the respiratory bronchioles. Pulmonary surfactant is a surface-active complex of phospholipids and proteins formed by type II alveolar cells . [ 1 ] The proteins and lipids that make up the surfactant have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
The respiratory zone includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli, and is the site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange with the blood. The respiratory bronchioles and the alveolar ducts are responsible for 10% of the gas exchange. The alveoli are responsible for the other 90%.
Alveoli and their capillary networks 3D medical illustration showing different terminating ends of bronchioles. Alveoli consist of two types of alveolar cell and an alveolar macrophage. The two types of cell are known as type I and type II cells [32] (also known as pneumocytes). [3] Types I and II make up the walls and alveolar septa.
The process of breathing does not fill the alveoli with atmospheric air during each inhalation (about 350 ml per breath), but the inhaled air is carefully diluted and thoroughly mixed with a large volume of gas (about 2.5 liters in adult humans) known as the functional residual capacity which remains in the lungs after each exhalation, and ...
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Micrograph showing hemosiderin-laden alveolar macrophages, as seen in a pulmonary hemorrhage. H&E stain.. An alveolar macrophage, pulmonary macrophage, (or dust cell) is a type of macrophage, a professional phagocyte, found in the airways and at the level of the alveoli in the lungs, but separated from their walls.