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During acute alcohol withdrawal, changes also occur such as upregulation of alpha4 containing GABA A receptors and downregulation of alpha1 and alpha3 containing GABA A receptors. Neurochemical changes occurring during alcohol withdrawal can be minimized with drugs which are used for acute detoxification.
Post-acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS) is a hypothesized set of persistent impairments that occur after withdrawal from alcohol, [1] [2] opiates, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and other substances. [3] [4] [5] Infants born to mothers who used substances of dependence during pregnancy may also experience a PAWS.
Clomethiazole (also called chlormethiazole) is a sedative and hypnotic originally developed by Hoffmann-La Roche in the 1930s. [3] The drug is used in treating and preventing symptoms of acute alcohol withdrawal and as a sedative-hypnotic.
[1] [2] It can occur during acute intoxication or withdrawal with the potential of having delirium tremens. Alcohol hallucinosis is a rather uncommon alcohol-induced psychotic disorder almost exclusively seen in chronic alcoholics who have many consecutive years of severe and heavy drinking during their lifetime. [3]
Various vitamins, especially from the B group, are often used during alcohol withdrawal treatment. Sodium oxybate is the sodium salt of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). It is used for both acute alcohol withdrawal and medium-to-long-term detoxification. This drug enhances GABA neurotransmission and reduces glutamate levels.
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