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Commensalism is a long-term biological interaction ... In deep-sea, benthic environments there is an associative relationship between octocorals and brittle stars ...
In the time following, symbiotic relationships between marine invertebrates and chemoautotrophic bacteria have been found in a variety of ecosystems, ranging from shallow coastal waters to deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Symbiosis is a way for marine organisms to find creative ways to survive in a very dynamic environment.
For the deep-sea ecosystem, the death of a whale is the most important event. A dead whale can bring hundreds of tons of organic matter to the bottom. Whale fall community progresses through three stages: [32] Mobile scavenger stage: Big and mobile deep-sea animals arrive at the site almost immediately after whales fall on the bottom.
These worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands and have since been found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in all of the world's oceans. [47] Mutualism improves both organism's competitive ability and will outcompete organisms of the same species that lack the symbiont. [48]
The deep-sea floor is called the abyssal plain and is usually about 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) deep. The ocean floor is not all flat but has submarine ridges and deep ocean trenches known as the hadal zone. [6] For comparison, the pelagic zone is the descriptive term for the ecological region above the benthos, including the water column up to ...
Smaller remoras also fasten onto fish such as tuna and swordfish, and some of the smallest remoras travel in the mouths or gills of large manta rays, ocean sunfish, swordfish and sailfish. The relationship between a remora and its host is most often taken to be one of commensalism, specifically phoresy.
The black seadevil family, Melanocetidae, was first proposed as a subfamily in 1878 by the American biologist Theodore Gill. [2] The only genus in the family is Melanocetus which was proposed as a monospecific genus in 1864 by the German-born British herpetologist and ichthyologist Albert Günther when he described the humpback anglerfish (M. johnsoni). [3]
The deep sea is broadly defined as the ocean depth where light begins to fade, at an approximate depth of 200 m (660 ft) or the point of transition from continental shelves to continental slopes. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Conditions within the deep sea are a combination of low temperatures, darkness, and high pressure . [ 3 ]