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[9] [17] Due to the outbreak of SARS and the COVID-19 pandemic, antibodies to SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins have been extensively studied. [44] Antibodies to the SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins have been identified that target epitopes on the receptor-binding domain [9] [44] [46] or interfere with the process of conformational ...
The human HLA-A*0201 (red) and beta-2 microglobulin (green) in complex with a peptide derived from the M protein of SARS-CoV (yellow, shown as surface). From 16] The M protein in MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 has been described as an antagonist of interferon response. [4] [17]
[1] 3D print of one of the trimeric spikes of SARS-CoV-2. In virology, a spike protein or peplomer protein is a protein that forms a large structure known as a spike or peplomer projecting from the surface of an enveloped virus. [2] [3]: 29–33 The proteins are usually glycoproteins that form dimers or trimers. [3]: 29–33 [4]
In SARS-CoV, the causative agent of SARS, the N protein is 422 amino acid residues long [2] and in SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, it is 419 residues long. [7] [8] Both the N-terminal and C-terminal domains are capable of binding RNA. The C-terminal domain forms a dimer that is likely to be the native functional state. [2]
The ORF7a protein is a transmembrane protein with 121 amino acid residues in SARS-CoV-2 [5] and 122 in SARS-CoV. [2] It is a type I transmembrane protein with an N-terminal signal peptide, an ectodomain that has an immunoglobulin fold, and a C-terminal endoplasmic reticulum retention signal sequence.
ORF3a (previously known as X1 or U274) [2] is a gene found in coronaviruses of the subgenus Sarbecovirus, including SARS-CoV [3] [2] and SARS-CoV-2. [ 1 ] [ 4 ] It encodes an accessory protein about 275 amino acid residues long, which is thought to function as a viroporin . [ 1 ]
The envelope (E) protein is the smallest and least well-characterized of the four major structural proteins found in coronavirus virions. [2] [3] [4] It is an integral membrane protein less than 110 amino acid residues long; [2] in SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of Covid-19, the E protein is 75 residues long. [5]
In SARS-CoV-2, the spike protein, which has been imaged at the atomic level using cryogenic electron microscopy, [148] [149] is the protein responsible for allowing the virus to attach to and fuse with the membrane of a host cell; [147] specifically, its S1 subunit catalyzes attachment, the S2 subunit fusion.