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Atomic force microscopy [1] (AFM) is a type of SPM, with demonstrated resolution on the order of fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000 times better than the optical diffraction limit. The information is gathered by "feeling" or "touching" the surface with a mechanical probe.
AFM-IR has also been used to evaluate and map mineral content, crystallinity, collagen maturity and acid phosphate content via ratiometric analysis of various absorption bands in bone. [66] AFM-IR has also been used to perform spectroscopy and chemical mapping of structural lipids in human skin, [75] cells [60] and hair [76]
Non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM), also known as dynamic force microscopy (DFM), is a mode of atomic force microscopy, which itself is a type of scanning probe microscopy. In nc-AFM a sharp probe is moved close (order of Angstroms ) to the surface under study, the probe is then raster scanned across the surface, the image is then ...
Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), also known as surface potential microscopy, is a noncontact variant of atomic force microscopy (AFM). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] By raster scanning in the x,y plane the work function of the sample can be locally mapped for correlation with sample features.
By using the elastic changes under the AFM tip, an image of much greater detail than the AFM topography can be generated. Ultrasonic force microscopy allows the local mapping of elasticity in atomic force microscopy by the application of ultrasonic vibration to the cantilever or sample. To analyze the results of ultrasonic force microscopy in a ...
This type of AFM operation is referred to as the force mode. With this probe, one can study interactions between various surfaces and probe particles in the sphere-plane geometry . It is also possible to study forces between colloidal particles by attaching another particle to the substrate and perform the measurement in the sphere-sphere ...
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In AFM, feedback loops control the operation of the microscope by keeping a fixed value a parameter of the tip's oscillation. [11] If the main feedback loop operates with the amplitude, the AFM mode is called amplitude modulation (AM). If it operates with the frequency shift, the AFM mode is called frequency modulation (FM).