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The Mongol invasions caused significant upheaval and demographic change in Iraq and the Levant. When the Mongols reached Iraq and Jazira in 1258, there was probably significant movement westward into Mamluk dominions. [41] According to Bar Hebraeus, the entire population of the northernmost regions of al-Sham (Syria) fled to Aleppo in 1259. [41]
Saint Margaret (January 27, 1242 – January 18, 1271), a daughter of Béla IV and Maria Laskarina, was born in Klis Fortress during the Mongol invasion of Hungary-Croatia in 1242. [34] Historians estimate that up to half of Hungary's two million population at that time were killed during the Mongol invasion of Europe. [35]
In contrast with later "empires of the sea" such as the European colonial powers, the Mongol Empire was a land power, fueled by the grass-foraging Mongol cavalry and cattle. [ a ] Thus most Mongol conquest and plundering took place during the warmer seasons, when there was sufficient grazing for their herds. [ 4 ]
1289. January 16 – Buqa (or Bugha), Mongol nobleman and chancellor; February 26 – Przemko of Ścinawa, Polish nobleman and knight; March 10 – Maud de Lacy (or Matilda), English noblewoman (b. 1223) March 12 – Demetrius II (the Devoted), king of Georgia (b. 1259) March 19 – John of Parma, Italian priest and theologian (b. 1209)
1241–1242: Mongol invasion of Moldavia and Wallachia [citation needed] 1241–1242: Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia; 1242–1243: Mongol invasion of the Latin Empire; 1264/1265: Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace; 1271, 1274, 1282 and 1285: Raids against Bulgaria. [citation needed] 1291: Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde.
In 1289, the Principality of Rostov declared independence, rebelling against Mongol rule. The forces of the Golden Horde defeated Rostov, which again became a vassal state of the Golden Horde. [ 1 ]
The Fall of Tripoli was the capture and destruction of the Crusader state, the County of Tripoli (in what is modern-day Lebanon), by the Muslim Mamluks.The battle occurred in 1289 and was an important event in the Crusades, as it marked the capture of one of the few remaining major possessions of the Crusaders.
Mongol raids into Palestine took place towards the end of the Crusades, following the temporarily successful Mongol invasions of Syria, primarily in 1260 and 1300. Following each of these invasions, there existed a period of a few months during which the Mongols were able to launch raids southward into Palestine , reaching as far as Gaza .