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Cryptorchidism occurs at a much higher rate in a large number of congenital malformation syndromes. Among the more common are Down syndrome, [8] Prader–Willi syndrome, and Noonan syndrome. In vitro fertilization, use of cosmetics by the mother, and pre-eclampsia have also been recognized as risk factors for development of cryptorchidism. [11]
The most common presentation of testicular cancer is a hard, painless lump which can be felt on one of the testis. It is either noticed by a clinician during a routine examination, or the patient themselves. Risk factors for TC include cryptorchidism, family history, and previous testicular cancer. A diagnosis is confirmed in various ways.
Cryptorchidism, or "undescended testicles", is when the testicle does not descend into the scrotum of an infant boy. [30] Testicular enlargement is an unspecific sign of various testicular diseases, and can be defined as a testicular size of more than 5 cm × 3 cm (short axis). [42]
Cryptorchidism-arachnodactyly-intellectual disability syndrome is a rare multi-systemic genetic disorder of unknown prevalence which is characterized by psycho-motor developmental delay, severe intellectual disabilities, severe muscle hypoplasia, absence of subcutaneous fat, generalized contractures, dolichocephaly, esotropia, asymmetric ears, and high palate, kyphoscoliosis, unilateral ...
PMDS was usually overlooked because the external symptoms, such as the cryptorchidism and inguinal hernias, were assumed to be the only complication. A case reported in 2013, involves a 50-year-old male with a history of low testosterone levels, high cholesterol and the congenital absence of his right testis. [ 13 ]
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Heart malformations, ocular anomalies, and bilateral mixed hearing loss are often present in patients. Genital malformations such as cryptorchidism, hypospadias, clitoromegaly, and hypoplasia are common. In a smaller number of cases, thyroid agenesis, hypothyroidism, intestinal malrotation, and respiratory difficulties are present.
Orchiopexy is performed in the event of testicular torsion, a urologic emergency presenting with intense pain and often without inciting injury. [citation needed]While neonatal torsion occurs with no anatomic defect to account for its occurrence (occurring in utero or shortly after birth), adult torsion results from a bilateral congenital anomaly often called a "bell-clapper deformity", where ...