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A lithium-ion or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery that uses the reversible intercalation of Li + ions into electronically conducting solids to store energy. In comparison with other commercial rechargeable batteries, Li-ion batteries are characterized by higher specific energy, higher energy density, higher energy efficiency, a longer cycle life, and a longer calendar life.
Schematic of a lithium ion battery. Initially, lithium cobalt oxide was used as the cathode and polyacetylene as the anode. Later in 1985, it was found that using lithium cobalt oxide as the cathode and graphite as the anode produced an excellent secondary battery with enhanced stability, employing the frontier electron theory of Kenichi Fukui. [4]
Godshall et al. further identified the similar value of ternary compound lithium-transition metal-oxides such as the spinel LiMn 2 O 4, Li 2 MnO 3, LiMnO 2, LiFeO 2, LiFe 5 O 8, and LiFe 5 O 4 (and later lithium-copper-oxide and lithium-nickel-oxide cathode materials in 1985) [27] Godshall et al. patent U.S. patent 4,340,652 [28] for the use of ...
NMC materials have layered structures similar to the individual metal oxide compound lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2). [3] Lithium ions intercalate between the layers upon discharging, remaining between the lattice planes until the battery gets charged, at which point the lithium de-intercalates and moves to the anode. [4]
Lithium manganese oxide or Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide Yes 2008 [45] 1.6–1.8 [46] 2.3–2.4 [46] 2.8 [46] 0.22–0.40 (60–110) 0.64 (177) 3,000– 5,100 [47] 0.38 (2620) [47] 85 [47] 2–5 [47] 10–20 [47] Lithium cobalt oxide: LiCoO 2 ICR LCO Li‑cobalt [48] Graphite ‡ LiPF 6 / LiBF 4 / LiClO 4: Lithium cobalt oxide: Yes 1991 ...
Starting from the first cycle of lithium-ion battery operation, the electrolyte decomposes to form lithium compounds on the anode surface, producing a layer called the solid-electrolyte interface (SEI). For both silicon and graphite anodes, this SEI layer is the result of the reduction potential of the anode.