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Growth factor is sometimes used interchangeably among scientists with the term cytokine. [3] Historically, cytokines were associated with hematopoietic (blood and lymph forming) cells and immune system cells (e.g., lymphocytes and tissue cells from spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes).
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a protein that stimulates cell growth and differentiation by binding to its receptor, EGFR. Human EGF is 6-k Da [ 5 ] and has 53 amino acid residues and three intramolecular disulfide bonds .
The role of TGF-β1 in the generation of T h 17 cells goes against its dominant conceptualization as an anti-inflammatory cytokine; however, the shared requirement between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune cells suggests that an imbalance between these two cell types can be an important link to autoimmunity. [60]
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF, / v ɛ dʒ ˈ ɛ f /), originally known as vascular permeability factor (VPF), [1] is a signal protein produced by many cells that stimulates the formation of blood vessels. To be specific, VEGF is a sub-family of growth factors, the platelet-derived growth factor family of cystine-knot growth factors.
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is one among numerous growth factors that regulate cell growth and division.In particular, PDGF plays a significant role in blood vessel formation, the growth of blood vessels from already-existing blood vessel tissue, mitogenesis, i.e. proliferation, of mesenchymal cells such as fibroblasts, osteoblasts, tenocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells and ...
Members of the CCN protein family, including CTGF, are structurally characterized by having four conserved, cysteine-rich domains.These domains are, from N- to C-termini, the insulin-like growth factor binding protein domain, the von Willebrand type C repeats domain, the thrombospondin type 1 repeat (TSR) domain, and a C-terminal domain (CT) with a cysteine knot motif.
A mitogenic growth factor activity was found in pituitary extracts by Armelin in 1973 [14] and further work by Gospodarowicz as reported in 1974 described a more defined isolation of proteins from cow brain extract which, when tested in a bioassay that caused fibroblasts to proliferate, led these investigators to apply the name "fibroblast ...
These are upregulated in Marfan's syndrome [1] [2] and some human cancers, and play crucial roles in tissue regeneration, cell differentiation, embryonic development, and regulation of the immune system. [3] [4] Isoforms of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1) are also thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. [5]